Cruise Report ONR Japan/East Sea

90 (Leg 1 – 9; Leg 2 – 81) CTD/24-bottle rosette stations with LADCP; sampling for temperature, salinity, oxygen, nitrate, phosphate, silicate, nitrite, pH, alkalinity, CFCs.

(1719 bottles tripped)

36 biooptical profiles

CTD station locations and times (WOCE Hydrographic Programme format)

KH36 Japan Sea Professor Khromov 16 Jul 1999-13 Aug 1999

SHIP/CRS UTC EVENT POSITION MAX NO. OF

EXPOCODE STNNBR CASTNO DATE TIME LATITUDE LONGITUDE DEPTH PRESS BOTTLES COMMENTS

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

90CIKH36/1-2 114 2 072299 1039 35 51.20 N 129 53.20 E 1070 1068 22 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 115 1 072299 1618 35 54.20 N 130 33.20 E 1450 1472 19 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 116 1 072399 0534 35 56.90 N 131 8.70 E 1100 1049 24 CTD#3

90CIKH36/1-2 117 1 072399 1044 36 30.00 N 131 8.50 E 2060 2037 24 CTD#3

90CIKH36/1-2 118 1 072399 1539 37 2.80 N 131 8.90 E 2170 2186 22 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 119 1 072399 2212 37 0.90 N 130 33.40 E 2207 2186 24 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 120 1 072499 0440 36 26.80 N 130 33.00 E 1950 1975 24 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 121 1 072499 0838 36 25.10 N 130 9.70 E 1933 1883 24 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 122 1 072499 1212 36 25.30 N 129 53.90 E 480 471 13 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 123 1 072899 1855 48 0.40 N 141 45.00 E 56 52 7 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 124 1 072899 2046 48 0.00 N 141 26.40 E 113 110 14 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 125 1 072899 2256 48 0.10 N 141 2.20 E 852 835 15 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 126 1 072999 0058 48 0.00 N 140 44.90 E 760 761 17 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 127 1 072999 0321 48 0.00 N 140 25.30 E 370 360 18 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 128 1 072999 0546 48 0.00 N 139 59.80 E 118 115 8 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 129 1 072999 1108 47 10.70 N 139 40.00 E 611 598 15 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 130 1 072999 1714 46 37.70 N 138 39.50 E 132 128 8 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 131 1 072999 1851 46 33.00 N 138 50.00 E 412 413 10 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 132 1 072999 2032 46 29.00 N 139 0.00 E 1105 1087 17 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 133 1 072999 2334 46 22.00 N 139 14.80 E 1517 1492 24 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 134 1 073099 0248 46 15.00 N 139 30.10 E 1718 1694 23 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 135 1 073099 0627 46 12.50 N 139 56.50 E 1302 1288 19 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 136 1 073099 1007 46 7.80 N 140 29.70 E 1239 1230 20 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 137 1 073099 1337 46 5.90 N 141 0.20 E 550 562 14 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 138 1 073099 1548 46 2.90 N 141 18.90 E 130 136 7 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 139 1 073099 1831 45 59.70 N 141 39.80 E 76 79 6 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 140 1 073099 2108 45 51.70 N 142 2.00 E 41 39 5 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 141 1 073099 2215 45 45.10 N 142 1.90 E 61 61 11 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 142 1 073199 2105 44 13.00 N 138 10.40 E 1440 1413 24 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 143 1 080199 0122 44 26.00 N 137 50.00 E 2400 2406 24 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 144 1 080199 0523 44 40.30 N 137 29.90 E 1985 1947 22 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 145 1 080199 0831 44 45.90 N 137 19.80 E 1630 1612 24 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 146 1 080199 1105 44 52.80 N 137 10.10 E 1045 1018 21 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 147 1 080199 1256 44 56.50 N 137 2.30 E 235 231 8 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 148 1 080199 2034 44 3.00 N 136 13.40 E 403 405 19 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 149 1 080299 0346 43 17.90 N 135 11.80 E 315 334 19 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 150 1 080299 0507 43 16.00 N 135 16.80 E 1163 1134 20 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 151 1 080299 0718 43 11.90 N 135 21.80 E 3064 3186 24 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 152 1 080299 1124 43 0.20 N 135 39.90 E 3492 3494 24 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 153 1 080299 1629 42 45.20 N 136 2.90 E 3630 3635 24 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 154 1 080299 2102 42 34.90 N 136 19.80 E 2560 2625 24 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 155 1 080399 0136 42 10.00 N 136 20.00 E 3600 3650 24 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 156 1 080399 0843 41 39.90 N 136 19.90 E 3528 3528 24 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 157 1 080399 2340 42 39.90 N 134 0.10 E 287 280 19 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 158 1 080499 0046 42 35.00 N 134 0.00 E 1200 1177 21 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 159 1 080499 0239 42 30.00 N 134 0.00 E 2650 2670 24 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 160 1 080499 0550 42 20.00 N 134 0.00 E 3358 3358 24 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 161 1 080499 1032 42 8.90 N 133 59.80 E 3407 3412 24 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 162 1 080499 1628 41 50.00 N 133 59.90 E 3547 3554 24 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 163 1 080499 2054 41 35.00 N 134 0.00 E 3542 2051 24 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 164 1 080599 0013 41 20.10 N 133 59.70 E 3530 3538 24 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 165 1 080599 0420 41 5.00 N 133 59.90 E 3536 3536 24 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 166 1 080599 1013 41 14.90 N 134 40.00 E 3575 3572 24 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 167 1 080599 1412 41 15.00 N 134 26.40 E 3510 2062 18 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 168 1 080599 1659 41 15.00 N 134 13.50 E 3552 3554 24 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 169 1 080599 2025 41 15.10 N 134 3.10 E 3539 3542 24 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 170 1 080699 0030 41 16.20 N 133 52.90 E 3510 3533 24 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 171 1 080699 0418 41 15.00 N 133 40.40 E 3500 2001 24 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 172 1 080699 0656 41 14.80 N 133 26.70 E 3502 3503 24 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 173 1 080699 1256 40 50.00 N 133 59.90 E 3524 3532 24 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 174 1 080699 1657 40 40.00 N 134 0.10 E 3493 2057 19 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 175 1 080699 1944 40 30.00 N 134 0.00 E 3140 3135 24 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 176 1 080699 2338 40 19.80 N 134 0.40 E 2450 2461 24 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 177 1 080799 0227 40 10.00 N 134 0.00 E 1100 1111 20 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 178 1 080799 0428 40 0.10 N 134 0.00 E 1030 1008 23 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 179 1 080799 1738 38 35.80 N 131 14.80 E 1213 1224 18 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 180 1 080799 1954 38 46.30 N 131 18.20 E 2598 2616 24 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 181 1 080799 2332 38 56.10 N 131 19.00 E 3071 3059 24 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 182 1 080899 0357 39 17.10 N 131 25.20 E 3040 3064 24 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 183 1 080899 0845 39 40.00 N 131 28.90 E 3083 3076 24 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 184 1 080899 1337 40 5.00 N 131 34.90 E 3200 3247 24 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 185 1 080899 1744 40 20.20 N 131 35.20 E 3311 3313 24 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 186 1 080899 2153 40 34.80 N 131 35.30 E 3320 3323 24 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 187 1 080999 0156 40 50.00 N 131 35.10 E 3300 3330 24 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 188 1 080999 0755 40 30.00 N 132 15.50 E 3387 3386 24 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 189 1 080999 1123 40 29.90 N 132 2.60 E 3360 3367 24 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 190 1 080999 1507 40 30.10 N 131 52.00 E 3300 3350 9 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 190 3 080999 1913 40 30.80 N 131 50.80 E 3348 3349 24 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 191 1 080999 2313 40 30.40 N 131 43.00 E 3335 3336 24 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 192 1 081099 0238 40 30.00 N 131 33.10 E 3300 3322 24 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 193 1 081099 0637 40 29.80 N 131 22.60 E 3309 3308 23 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 194 1 081099 1101 40 30.10 N 131 10.10 E 3238 3236 24 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 195 1 081099 1700 41 5.10 N 131 35.10 E 3343 3342 24 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 196 1 081099 2116 41 19.70 N 131 34.80 E 3326 3314 24 CTD#5 Restart 1.33 hour later

90CIKH36/1-2 197 1 081199 0332 41 50.00 N 131 35.00 E 3100 3137 24 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 198 1 081199 0855 42 14.10 N 131 34.80 E 2750 2708 22 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 199 1 081199 1211 42 20.40 N 131 35.60 E 2090 2010 21 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 200 1 081199 1448 42 22.80 N 131 35.10 E 900 805 18 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 201 1 081199 1640 42 25.20 N 131 35.30 E 215 204 9 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 202 1 081199 1745 42 28.40 N 131 35.00 E 101 97 7 CTD#5

90CIKH36/1-2 203 1 081199 1853 42 33.30 N 131 35.10 E 68 67 6 CTD#5

c. Underway sampling

pCO2

Surface temperature and salinity

Meteorology

d. Floats

32 profiling ALACE floats ballasted to 800 meters

A.3 Narrative

See Section B.2.1 for a detailed summary of the two legs of the cruise.

Three separately funded sampling programs were aboard: CTD/rosette/chemistry, bio-optical sampling, and meteorology using the WHOI ASIMET system. Two CTD/rosette systems were aboard, both with 24 bottles. The primary sampler carried 24 10-liter bottles, CTD#5, the Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (LADCP), and transmissometers. Because of its size, this was deployed from the fantail using the A-frame. The secondary sampler carried 24 1.7-liter bottles and CTD#3, and was deployed from the port side from the normal position for hydrographic casts on the Khromov; it was meant for rough weather. The test cruise consisted of 9 stations in the Ulleung Basin, with the primary purpose of establishing procedures and setup on the Khromov. Because the positions had to be chosen in advance of the R/V Revelle cruises for Korean clearance purposes, they were not at exactly the same locations as the Revelle stations in the Ulleung Basin. The primary cruise leg covered the Russian sector of the Japan/East Sea. The purposes of the cruise leg were to map the water properties and geostrophic circulation of the Japan/East Sea from top to bottom, the bio-optical properties, and the plankton distribution. The water properties and circulation of the Japanses and Korean sectors were measured in a companion cruise on the R/V Revelle (HNRO7), immediately preceding the Khromov cruise.

CTD/rosette station sampling was to the bottom at most stations, with the exception of several stations in the highly-resolved eddies. Most stations were separated by 10 to 30 nautical miles. The station pattern covered most of the Russian sector. Stations on the northern part of Yamato Rise repeated stations from the Revelle cruise. On most stations, 24 samples were collected from top to bottom. Maximum bottle spacing in the deep waters was 250 meters with some exceptions. Most sampling in the upper waters was based on the many features in the CTD salinity and oxygen and the transmissometer. An altimeter on the CTD/rosette frame was used for the bottom approach on most stations. A lowered acoustic doppler current profiler was used on all stations employing the large rosette (CTD#5).

A.4 List of principal investigators

1. Vladimir Luchin (FERHRI) and Lynne Talley (SIO/UCSD): Temperature, salinity, oxygen, nutrients (CTD and rosette)

2. Nikolay Rykov (FERHRI), Lynne Talley (SIO/UCSD) and Peter Hacker (UH): Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiling

3. Pavel Tishchenko (POI): Alkalinity, pH

4. Kyung-Ryul Kim (SNU): Alkalinity, pH, Carbon 14, Delta 18O, Surface pCO2/T/S/chlorophyll

5. William Jenkins (SOC): Delta 18O, Helium-3, tritium, neon, argon, krypton

6. Mark Warner (UW): Chlorofluorocarbons (experimental procedure, not analyzed)

7. Sergei Zakharov (POI) and Greg Mitchell (SIO/UCSD): Water particle size, absorption, pigments, bio-optics

8. Robert Beardsley (WHOI): meteorology

9. Igor Filippov (FERHRI): meteorology

A.5. List of cruise participants

Leg 1 only

1. Lynne Talley (SIO) – Chief scientist

2. David Newton (SIO) - Programmer, LADCP, deck watch

3. Carl Mattson (SIO/ODF) - ODF Tech-in-Charge/Electronics/Deck watch

4. Doug Masten (SIO/ODF) - Nutrient analyst/data processing

5. Ron Patrick (SIO/ODF) - Oxygen/Bottle data

6. Dong-Jin Kang (SNU) - underway chemistry, CO2 (pH by spectro.)

7. Doshik Hahm (SNU) - CO2 (pH by spectro.)

8. Mark Warner (U. Washington) - CFC

9. DongHa Min (SIO) - CFC

10. Clare Postlethwaite (IOS, Southampton) - helium, tritium, neon, argon

Legs 1 and 2

1. Vladimir Luchin (FERHRI) - Chief scientist; CTD/rosette operations, CTD console

2. Alexander Nedashkovskiy (POI) - Nutrients

3. Sergey Sagalaev (POI) - Oxygen

4. Michael Gorelkin (FERHRI) - Salinity

5. Igor Titov (FERHRI) - Electronics, Deck watch

6. Nikolay Rykov (FERHRI) - CTD/rosette operations

7. Vladimir Kraynev (FERHRI) - CTD/rosette operations

8. Igor Zhabin (POI) - CTD/hydrographic data management, software, processing,Deck

9. Vladimir Ponomarev (POI)- CTD/hydrographic data management, software, processing

10. Pavel Tishchenko (POI) - POI chemistry head, CO2 (pH by EMF)

11. Ruslan Chichkin (POI) - CO2 (pH by EMF)

12. Elena Il'ina (POI) - CO2 (Alkalinity)

13. Maria Shvetsova (POI) - CO2 (Alkalinity)

14. Sergei Zakharkov (POI) - Bio-optics

15. Andrey Shcherbina (SIO) LADCP

16. Galina Pavlova (POI) CO2

17. T. Volkova (POI) CO2

18. Olga Shevtsova (POI) CO2

19. Yuri Shulga (POI) CO2

20. A Kalyagin (POI) noble gas

21. O.Vereschagina (POI) CFCs

22. Alexi Sherbinin (FERHRI) Deck

23. Sergey Yaroshev (FERHRI) Deck

24. Mikhail Danchenkov (FERHRI) PALACE

25. Igor Filippov (FERHRI) METEOROLOGY

26. K. Zhevrov (FERHRI) Salinity

27. A Sevastyarov (FERHRI) PLT

28. Anatoly Lemecha (FERHRI) Deck

Institution acronyms

FERHRHI - Far-Eastern Regional Hydrometeorological Research Institute, Vladivostok, Russia

SOC - Southampton Oceanograpy Centre, Southampton, UK

KORDI - Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute, Seoul, Korea

POI - Pacific Oceanological Institute, Far Eastern Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia

SIO - Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA

SIO/ODF - SIO Oceanographic Data Facility

SNU - Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

UW - University of Washington, School of Oceanography, Box 357940, Seattle, WA 98195 USA

UH – University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI USA

WHOI - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA USA

B. Description of program and measurement techniques

B.1. Approved program of the expeditionary investigations (Y. Volkov, FERHRI)

FEDERAL SERVICE OF RUSSIA ON HYDROMETEOROLOGY

AND ENVIROMENTAL MONITORING (ROSHYDROMET)

Far Eastern Regional Hydrometeorological Research Institute (FERHRI)

PROGRAM

Expedition in the East Sea

Cruise №36 on the R/V “Pr. Khromov”

(July - August 1999)

Vladivostok 1999

1. Registered number of approval to conduct the expedition

The expeditionary investigations in the East Sea in the cruise №36 on the R/V “Pr. Khromov” is being conducted within the frame of program “The Seas of Russia” and International project CREAMS (Circulation Research of the East Asian Marginal Seas) on the basis of agreement being concluded between FERHRI ROSHYDROMET and Washington University (Seattle, USA) of 12. 03. 1999 and approval for the cruise implementation № 009 – 4/384 of 08. 12. 1998.

2. Period of works

The cruise of 26 days duration is to be conducted in the East Sea within the economic zones of Republic of Korea and Russia from July 16 till August 11, 1999.

3. Ports of call

In order to embark/disembark the foreign specialists, to load scientific equipment and to bunker with fresh water, two calls at the port of Pusan (Republic of Korea) have been planned. The foreign specialists will bee disembarked at p. Pusan on the work completion within the economic zone of Korea (21 – 25. 07.), the within the Russian economic zone the observations will be conducted by the Russian specialists.

4. The name of the vessel or any marine craft on which head of expedition will be present

Head of expedition will be on the R/V “Pr. Khromov”, displacement 2140 tons, built in 1983 (Finland).

5. Communication

In the cruise the following communication is to be used

- radio/telephone,

- short waves approved for the ship radiostation,

- Ultra Short Waves - international frequencies.

6. Main objectives

The expeditionary investigations are being conducted for the aim of

- determination of the full vertical structure of the main components of the East Sea circulation, including the Liman current, Eastern Korean warm current, Tsushima current, as well as the possible deep-sea west boundary current and other components of the deep-sea circulation that is likely related to the subsurface circulation;

- study of formation conditions and subpolar front development in the central part of East Sea and bottom topography possible influence,

- obtaining of the complete synoptic picture for vertical interstratification

structure over the East Sea,

- determination of possibility to use chemical tracers including nutrients, DO and freons so that to reveal the main elements of large-scale circulation and assessment of the North-West and North parts of East Sea in renewal of the intermediate and deep sea waters;

- vertical structure study, at least, of the eddy in the subpolar convection region or subpolar front, and one more in the Eastern-Korean warm current southward the subpolar front.

In order to obtain the above mentioned, the objectives to be solved are as follows:

- to carry out the oceanographic survey in the North-West East Sea making measurements of temperature, salinity and sampling for chemical analysis;

- to conduct a set of hidrometobservation.

7. Types of standard and special observations and works conducting in the cruise to solve the tasks.

7.1. Standard observations:

In the cruise a complex of standard hydrometeorologic, oceanographic and hydrochemical observations are being conducted.

7.2. Special observations

7.2.1. Sampling of sea water to determine the chemical tracer content (C¹⁴, O¹⁸, freons, He-3, T, Ne, Ar, Kr).

8. Volume of works and observations, addresses and term for information to be transferred, including international exchange.

8.1. Meteorological observations

In the cruise a complex of standard hydrometeorological observations on the program of the vessel station of class 2 as to “Metodical instructions…” GGO, parts I – II, issue 1983 are being produced.

In addition to the complex mentioned the following is being produced

- observation of anomalous events in the atmosphere;

- visual observation of sea water petroleum pollution and oil products.

Information:

1. Transferring of meteorological observationsby KN-01 in the address of “Moscow - Weather”, “Vladivostok - Weather”, “Vladivostok – 213421-Thunderstorm HMC and foreign RMC on the vessel way for 4 basic terms.

2. Transferring of storm warning and data on hazard events is being produced by the open text in address of “Vladivostok - Weather”, “Moscow – Weather”.

8.2. Oceanographic observations

8.2.1. Oceanographic stations on the sections are being carried out through out the bottom.

8.2.2. Observations at the stations

- t ^oC and salinity measurements by CTD probe throughout the depth of each station probing;

- sea water sampling for hydrochemical analysis at the level of 10, 20, 30, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 1000, 1200, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000 at the each station;

- sea water color and transparence determination on the light time of a day.

Information:

Transferring of data on sea t^oC and salinity at the levels by KN-05, KN-06 in the address of “Moscow – Weather”, “Vladivostok – Weather”, “Vladivostok – 213421 – thunderstorm HMC”.

9. Devices and equipment used, including additional ones.

- standard hydrometeorological devices;

- air probing station “Vaisala”;

- hydroprobing “SBE 911 plus CTD” with 24, 10L water sample bottle;

- salinometer “Autosal 8400A”;

- installation “Biamperometric DO Titrator” to determine dissolved O₂ and total alkalinity;

- automatic analyzer “Technicon” to determine nutrients;

- analyzers to determine content of CO₂ and freons;

- PC.

10. Procedure of obtained results processing

Data on CTD measurements obtained in the cruise are being processed on the vessel in operative regime.

Hydrochemical analysis of the water samples are being carried out partially on board and partially at the coastal laboratories.

On processing all results obtained are being recorded in the special formats and carriers.

11. Terms of copies on observations for environmental parameters transfer at Russian State fund of data on environment

11.1. On the date of the vessel arrival the cruise report (3 copies) is being presented at the Marine Department and Base of Fleet by Master and Head of expedition. The cruise report after its control by Departments mentioned above is being sent at ROSHYDROMET.

11.2. Scientific report including analysis of the work carried out and assessment of the data quality (2 copies, including original) is being given in library of FERHRI.

Data on observations after analysis at the coastal laboratories are being presented at Regional Oceanographic data Center.

Terms of information providing is determined by agreement of the parties for the data exchange.

12. Information on RF representative authorized by Ministry of Science RF

The representative participation in the cruise is not considered.

13. Information on hydrometeorological observations and environment pollution

13.1. The operative information processing and propagation is being produced during the cruise under the requirements existing and transferred in the addresses painted out after each type of observations within the present program.

13.2. Tables of the results of sea water pollution with oil products are being sent to Monitoring Department FERHRI.

14. Participants of the expedition

To solve the tasks of the program the following specialists will take part in the cruise FERHRI - 10 persons, PIO - 14, USA - 9, Republic of Korea - 2.

Director of FERHRI Yu. Volkov

B.2. Report of head of expedition (V. Luchin, FERHRI)

B.2.1 Progress and details of the cruise implementation

Expedition cruise № 36 on the R/V “Professor Khromov” was being conducted on the program of the seventh joint Russian – Korean expedition within the frame of international project creams under the plans of operative and productive works and international scientific cooperation of ROSHYDROMET on the basis of agreement between FERHRI and University of Washington and Scripps Institution of Oceanography California University USA of 12. 03. 1999 and approval for the cruise N OC9 – 4/162 of 23. 04. 1999.

Expedition investigations have been conducted so that to obtain the natural data for

- determination of full vertical structure of the main circulation components in the East Sea, including the Liman current, Eastern – Korean warm current, Tsushima current, as will as the deep boundary current and other deep circulation components;

- study of formation conditions and subpolar front development in the central part of East Sea and bottom topography possible influence;

- obtaining of the complete synoptic picture for vertical interstratification structure over the East Sea

- determination of possibility to use chemical tracers including nutrients, dissolved oxygen, freons so that to reveal the main elements of large – scale circulation and assessment of North-West and North parts of East Sea in renewal of the intermediate and deep sea waters;

- vertical eddy structure study in subpolar convective region and subpolar front.

In order to obtain the above mentioned the objective to be solved are as follows

- to carry out the oceanographic survey of deep sea regions in South –West, central and northern part of East Sea with making measurements of t ^oC and salinity by CTD – probe and sampling of water for the chemical analysis;

- to conduct a set of standard hydrometeorological on the program of the vessel station of class II, as well as additional observations on the anomalous events in the atmosphere and sea water oil and oil products pollution;

- to process and record on the carries all kinds of observations;

- to prepare the scientific report including all types of studies.

The R/V “Professor Khromov” went into the cruise № 36 on July 16, 99 and proceeded to the port Pusan to embark the researchers and to load the scientific devices.

On July 22 loading on board the expedition equipment and embarking the specialists from USA and Republic Korea the vessel left Pusan and proceeded in the region of work in South–West East Sea (Uleung Basin).

In the region mentioned from July 22 till July 24 there were carried out 9 oceanographic stations. Further the vessel went to Pusan to disembark the foreign participants of the cruise on leaving Pusan the following works were produced

-25-29.07 - transition to the Tatar Strait;

-29.07 - section across 48⁰ 00^’ N, from 141⁰ 45^’ to 140⁰ 00^’ E;

-29-30.07 - transition to position 46⁰ 38^’ N, 138⁰ 40^’ E;

-30-31.07 - section from position 46⁰ 38^’ N, 138⁰ 40^’ E to 46⁰ 00^’ N 141⁰ 40^’ E;

-31.07 - section in the Laperuz Strait;

-31.07-01.08 - transition to position 44⁰ 13^’ N, 138⁰ 10^’ E;

-01-02.08 - section from position 44⁰ 13^’ N, 138⁰ 10^’ E to 44⁰ 57^’ N 137⁰ 03^’ E;

-02.08 - transition to position 43⁰ 18^’ N, 135⁰ 12^’ E;

-02-03.08 - section from position 43⁰ 18^’ N, 135⁰ 12^’ E to 41⁰ 40^’ N 136⁰ 20^’ E;

-03-04.08 - transition to position 42⁰ 40^’ N, 134⁰ 00^’ E:

-04-07.08 - section across 134⁰ 00^’ E from 42⁰ 40^’ to 40⁰ 00^’ N, including section through the eddy across 41⁰ 15^’ N from 134⁰ 40^’ to 133⁰ 27^’ E:

-07-08.08 - transition to position 38⁰ 36^’ N, 131⁰ 15^’ E;

-08-09.08 - section from position 38⁰ 36^’ N, 131⁰ 15^’ E to 40⁰ 05^’ N 131⁰ 35^’ E;

-09-12.08 - section across 131⁰ 35^’ E from 40⁰ 05^’ to 42⁰ 33^’ N, including section through the eddy across 40⁰ 30^’ N from 132⁰ 15^’ to 131⁰ 10^’ E;

-12.08 - analysis completion and information processing;

-13.08 - arrival at Vladivostok.

The weather conditions during the first twenty days, mainly, are not favorable for the work planned to be performed. The persistent wind was from 10 to 15 m/s, the sea waves made difficulties in producing of the oceanographic stations because of the heavy rolling and pitching.

The weather conditions of the last cruise week were favorable for o work.

Program of work has been made completely, excluding 3 missed oceanographic stations that were in the territorial waters of Japan. In the cruise the content of carbon dioxide was being measured continuously in the sea surface layer. The sea water sampled from the engine pipeline and with the help of thermoisolated hose it reached the hydrology laboratory where the measurement of the carbon dioxide, chlorofile, t⁰C and salinity were done.

Hydrometeorological observations have been performed 4 per a day at 00, 06, 12, and 18 hours GMT.

In the cruise № 36 2 Korean, 24 Russian and 9 specialist of USA took part.

Scientific equipment

- standard hydrometeorological equipment;

- probing station of the atmosphere “Vaisala”;

- hydroprobe “SBE 911 plus CTD” with 24 10L bottles

- salinometer “Autosal 8400A”;

- “Biamperometric D.O. Titrator” to determine the dissolved oxygen and the total alkalinity;

- automatic analyzer “Technicon” to determine the nutrients;

- analyzers to determine CO₂, freons;

- computers

B.2.2 Volume of work, actual cruise program implementation

Approved program has been made completely taking into account some amendments produced by the proposal of POI and Scripps Institution regarding the order of the route going in the area of eddy polygons.

Figures A.1 and B.2.1 and accompanying station list of the present report show the route of the vessel going and station positions.

Figure B.2.1 Cruise track of the R/V Professor Khromov, KH36 (16 July – 13 August 1999).

In the cruise the following type and number of observations have been carried out

Oceanographic stations including t⁰C and salinity

measurements by CTD probe from surface to the bottom - 90;

Sea water samples to determine

-salinity - 90 station, 1719 samples;

-dissolved oxygen - 90 st., 1719 s.;

-pH - 88 st., 1200 s.;

-total alkalinity - 88 st., 1200 s.;

-silicate - 90 st., 1719 s.;

-phosphate - 90 st., 1719 s.;

-nitrate - 90 st., 1719 s.;

-nitrite - 90 st., 1719 s.;

-freons - 51 st., 681 s.;

-helium - 37 st., 325 s.;

-tritium - 34 st., 278 s.;

-O¹⁸ - 40 st., 325 s.;

-C¹⁴ - 5 st., 54 s.;

-chlorophile - 89 s.;

Biooptical observations

-spectrum suspension absorption - 36 st., 192 s.;

-spectrum of dissolved substance - 8 st., 44 s.;

-content of chlorophile “a” - 36 st., 188 s.;

-content of suspended organic matter - 33 st., 141 s.;

-sea water transparence within the red and blue spectrum field -90 st.;

-sea water transparence on Sekki’s disk - 28 st.;

-urgent hydrometeorological observations - 86;

-storm warning - 3.

On the cruise completion and under agreement between parties participants in the expedition, the Russian and American Parties have been presented the data of CTD probe “SBE 911 plus CTD” measurements altogether with information of hydrometeorological observations.

Data on the current measurements using LADCP, sea water hydrochemical analyses and continuous measurements of CO₂ content will be transferred to the Russian Party on processing completion in the coastal laboratories of Seoul National University and Scripps Institution of Oceanography California University USA.

The cruise program is fully completed. Data have been recorded on the carriers and transferred in Regional Center of Oceanography data and library of FERHRI.

B.2.3 Description of scientific and technical group work and crew in the expedition regarding the cruise program implementation.

Well coordinated work and full understanding of all scientific groups and the ship departments allowed to solve all tasks in due time.

B.2.4 The most important results obtained

The basic result of the cruise is the comprehensive oceanographic data massive obtaining (hydrophysical, hydrochemical, biooptical, current speed, inert gas content and so on) on the up-to-date level.

For the first time in the North and North-West part of the East Sea detailed instrumental current measurements and other oceanographic features measurements from the sea surface to the bottom have been performed. Measurements and sea water sampling at the near bottom levels have been produced by 4-8 meter over the bottom.

High accuracy measurement data of hydrophysical and hydrochemical parameters allow to clarify essentially the spatial structure of water masses. They will be very useful as standard data on choosing criteria to estimate the massive quality of historic oceanographic information. The results obtained will be used to solve the problem of intermediate deep water formation in the East Sea.

The preliminary analysis of the data obtained in the cruise showed that the Tsusima current effect is not limited by the sea part southward of the subpolar front. This water effect is being marked along all the East Sea water area. In the layer of 1000–2000 meter there are fixed the

waters of the lower salinity estimations (less than 34,066 ⁰/₀₀). It is likely due to the convective processes in the fall winter period and further water transformation in accordance with their migration within the limits.

The current measurements obtained allow to clarify and add information available on the elements of total sea water circulation and more detail investigate the dynamic processes taking place in synoptic eddies the obtained preliminary results are an evidence that the anticyclone current system in the eddies studied propagates to the near bottom levels (about 3000-3200 m.).

Biooptic data allow to establish the models describing the level of the primary organic matter producing in the East Sea.

At some oceanographic stations in the region studied with the depths to 3000 m and lower there has been registered not high but analytical essential silicate decreasing at the near bottom levels.

Nitrite content in the sea, excluding the layer of 100-200 m is to analytical zero. At the same time at some stations in the near bottom layer (at the level of 1000-2000 m) there has been recorded the persistent nitrite presence.

B.2.5 Recommendations on improvement of the expedition arrangement and the vessel equipment

The experience of expeditionary works, carried out in the cruise, shows that under favourable weather conditions the vessel is enough suitable to produce oceanographic observations on planning the cruise it is necessary to consider more time to produce deep sea oceanographic stations and storm weather conditions.

B.3. Master^’s Report: I. Kiselev

B.3.1. Cruise navigation peculiarities.

The vessel route of the cruise № 36 took place in the central part of the East Sea, well studied regarding the navigation problems. Fig. 2.1 & tabl. 2.1 show the actual vessel route & positions of oceanographic stations taking into account some amendments made by the Japan party regurst.

The weather conditions in the cruise, mainly, didn^'t hinder to conduct the studies planned.

In the cruise the synoptic data have been received regularly. Navigation charts & manuals for sailing have been corrected by requirements IM, PRIP, NAVIP, NAVAREA. The requirements of good marine practice have been user. The control on the vessel hull non water permeability & stability has been produced continuously.

On July 18 at 10-40 o^/clock the vessel arrived at the pilot anchorage of the p.Pusan & at 11-50 o^/clock was put along Yong-Ho berth near by the r/v “Roger Revelle” USA.

On July 22 at 14-00 after taking on board the Russian specialists {14 persons}, the American & Korean specialists {10 persons}, two Navy observers of R.Korea as well as expeditional equipment ship left the p.Pusan & proceeded in the region of the work in the Korean economic zone.

On July 25 at 09-00 on the joint expeditional stage completion, the vessel came back to Pusan to disembark the foreigner participants of expedition & at 10-10 it was put along the passenger berth № 1.

On July 25 at 19-00 after bunkering with the fresh water, the vessel left Pusan & proceeded in the Tatar Strait.

On August 13 at 08-00 on the oceanographic survey completion on the sections in the North & central parts of East Sea & eddy polygons the vessel arrived at the inner road of the port Vladivostok.

B.3.2. Methods & accuracy of the vessel position determination

To determine the vessel position the following technical devices have been use:

- HCC ”NAVSTAR XR-4”, {Gold Star, R. Korea};

- Radar “OKEAN”, 3 sm {Russia};

- Radar “OKEAN”, 10 sm {Russia};

- Radar “FURUNO”, 3 sm {Japan};

- Giro compass “VEGA-2” {Russia};

- Doppler lag “FURUNO” {Japan};

- Echo sounder “NAL-M-3B”, 500 m depth {RUSSIA};

- Echo sounder “ELAK ENIF”, 15000 m depth {Germany}.

Within radiolocation visibility of the coastal things the position determination has been produced by radar. Off shore the main device to fix the place was HCC “NAVSTAR XR-4”.

All available on board navigation equipment was reliable operation in the cruise & ensured accuracy of the place position & depth required to sample the sea water.

B.3.3. Peculiarities in the expedition work

Having strong wind more than 10 m/s, decreasing the angle of wire cable declination & ensuring the water samples of great volume, in addition, avoiding damage of equipment & devices having heavy rolling, few oceanographic stations have been carried out with the help of the main engine, keeping the vessel by the bow against the wind & wave.

The weather conditions during the first twenty days of the cruise, mainly, were not favourable for the work implementation. When strong wind being {more than 10 m/s}, because of heavy rolling & pitching implementation of the oceanographic stations by CTD probe of a great volume using stern P- frame was very difficult to be executed.

B.4. Meteorological observations (I. Filippov and R. Beardsley)

Meteorological measurements were made by FERHRI (Filippov) and by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Beardsley).

A separate report of the WHOI measurements is found at the website:

http://www.whoi.edu/science/PO/japan_sea

B.4.1 Program of work (FERHRI)

Program of the cruise 36 has been planned to execute a number of hydrometeorological observations on the program of the vessel station class II under “Methodical instructions to produce meteorological and actinometry observations on the research vessels“ part I,II.,1983, as well as the observations on the anomalous events in the atmosphere and visual monitoring on the sea surface pollution of oil and oil products.

Meteorological data are being transferred by code KN-01 for 4 main intervals in the address of Moscow- Weather, Vladivostok-Weather and foreign centers, storm warnings are transmitted by open text in the address of Moscow- Weather and Vladivostok-Weather.

B.4.2 Characteristic of the work to be executed

Meteorological observations were produced in the cruise from July 16 till August 13, 1999, excluding the vessel staying at Pusan, at the main synoptic period 00, 06, 12 and 18 hours GMT.

Urgent hydrometeorogical observations have been carried out in total - 86 and sent the same quantity in the addresses corresponding. 3 storm warnings have been sent, as well.

All information has been controlled and recorded in tables (THM-15).

B.4.3 Equipment, devices, characteristic of work, position and change in the cruise.

When meteorological observations producing, standard Russian meteodevices and automatic meteostation “Midas 321” (Finland) developed under requirements of World Meteorological Organization (WMO) have been applied.

The atmospheric pressure was measured by aneroid barometer M-67 fixed in meteorological laboratory at the altitude 5 meter over the sea level.

Baric tendency feature was determined by week barograph M-22H fixed nearly aneroid barometer .

The air temperature was measured by aspiration psychrometer MB-4M fixed on the turn arms at the distance of 3 m from the vessel side at the altitude 12 m over the sea level.

The wind speed and direction were measured by sensors of automatic station “MIDAS-321” fixed on the fork mast at the altitude of 18 m over the sea level.

The sea surface layer was measured by mercury thermometer TM-10 being put in standard safeguard covering in the vessel bow part on the windy leeward side.

The atmospheric precipitation quantity was determined by automatic weather station “MIDAS-321”.

Observations on clouds, visibility, atmospheric events, wave direction and period were produced by visual from the upper bridge. The wave altitude was determined from the stern duck.

Hydrometeorological information was processed by IBM PC/AT using program METEO-SW.

B.4.4 Evidence on control and devices calibration

Table 4.1 gives dates of control on the meteorological devices used in the cruise

Table 4.1

Name of device

Type

Factory number

Date of control

Barometer-aneroid

Week barograph

Psychrometer aspiration

Anemograph

Anemometer (manual)

Mercury thermometer

M-67

M-22H

MB-4M

M63M-1

MC-13

TM-10

1057

19036

6269

6796

7573

January 1999

February 1999

January 1999

The automatic meteorological station “MIDAS-321” readings were regularly controlled by standard meteorological devices in the cruise

B.4.5 Methods of observations and processing

Meteorological observations and obtained data processing have been conducted under the Russian methodical instructions as to WMO standards.

B.4.6 Data on hazard and especially hazard hydrometeorological events

In the cruise the hazard events were observed as follows

23.05.1999 in the position 40⁰ 12^’ N, 134⁰ 37^’ E - fog, visibility - 400 m,

26.05.1999 in the position 41⁰ 15^’ N, 134⁰ 06^’ E - fog, visibility - 400 m,

27.05.1999 in the position 41⁰ 16^’ N, 134⁰ 31^’ E - fog, visibility - 400 m.

B.5. Report of oceanographic group (CTD, salinity, oxygen)

B.5.1. CTD, rosette, salinity, oxygen data on Legs 1 and 2 (V. Luchin)

B.5.1.1 Program of work

In the cruise the oceanographic observations have been carried out under the approved program taking into account a few amendments of CTD stations position & the order proceeding along the route. Figure 1 & accompanying table show the scheme of route & station positions.

The oceanographic work consisted of:

- sea water temperature & salinity measurements by CTD probe “SBE 911 plus CTD” from the sea surface to the bottom making sea water samples at the given levels {not always standard} by twenty four 10 l bottles for the hydrochemical analyses;

- sea water salinity determination in the laboratories by salinometer “Autosal 8400”;

- current measurements at oceanographic stations {while up & down the probe} by special acoustic equipment {LADCP}.

B.5.1.2. Characteristic of the work carried out {CTD measurements, water sampling& current measurements at the stations}.

In order to make measurements of the temperature, salinity and seawater pressure at the stations from the sea surface throughout the bottom CTD probe NBIS of model MK III as well as rosette to the probe “SBE 911 plus CTD” were used. The water samplers for hydrochemical analyses were fulfilled at the chosen levels by twenty four 10 l bottles. In the laboratory the sea water salinity was determined by salinometer “Autosal 8400”.

The current measurements at the stations {while up &down the probe } were fulfilled by LADCP.

CTD data, salinity & current measurements were produced by using software developed in Scripps Oceanographic Institute of UCSD. The data processing were performed by IBM PC. All data were recorded on the carriers as well as CDROMs & Zip disks. The CTD data were recorded on VCR cassettes.

In the cruise there were fulfilled 90 oceanographic stations in total with temperature, pressure measurements {depth of the devices submerging} & salinity {conductivity} by CTD probe from the surface throughout the bottom. At all oceanographic stations {irrespectively from the depth of position } the last level of observations was at the distance of 4-10 m from the bottom.

B.5.1.3 Hydrochemical observations

B.5.1.3.1. Devices

Salinity was determined both by CTD detector {continuous profile throughout the depth } & by salinometer at each station {control determination}.

In the cruise two salinometers “Autosal 8400 A” company “Guildline Instruments LTD” {Canada} № 53-503 &№48-263 were used. Instrumental accuracy of this type salinometers is not worse than -⁺ 0.001 ⁰/₀₀ while making a set of sample standardizing at each station & not worse than ⁺- 0.003 ⁰/₀₀ for 24 hours of work not including restandardizing.

High accuracy & persistence in data obtaining by the salinometer was achieved by the presence of two pain of platinum-radium electrodes in the measurements chamber & built-in high frequency thermostat {volume of water tank – 18 l} having the range of given temperature 18-33⁰C with the interval in 3⁰C, accuracy 0.02⁰C. Moreover, double meanings of relative conductivity of standard & samplers are used that increases the resolution device ability.

Salinometer №53-503 is connected with PC through builtin interface RS232. The data putting from salinometer display №48-263 to the computer is produced by hand.

B.5.1.3.2. Methods of determination & salinity data processing

The control salinity samplers were chosen at each stations at all levels of the bottles working {maximal number – 24}.

Levels of sample taken were defined by an operator of CTD probe, taking into account the element profile depth change, determined by the probe detector {temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen & fluorimeter.

Samples were thermostatted in the laboratory not less than 8 hours before determination beginning. The experiment demonstrated that having instable temperature in the laboratory such thermostating is not sufficient, the speed of sample going through salinometer should be decreased, as a result, the time spent for the sample analysis abruptly increases, & the data stability decreases. Therefore, on the r/v “Pr. Khromov” the sample water thermostatting was additionally applied, directly before the temper. determination approximately by 1°C lower the temperature marked in salinometer thermostatt.

Before & on completing of each set of samples, the salinometer was calibrated as to the normal water of IAPSO standard, series P134 {USA}. It was produced a few readings of each sample, assuming differences in readings are as follows: 000003 for normal water & 0.00005 for the sample of double conductivity. The sample salinity estimations were obtained not accounting the device heated itself.

The intermediate data were processed under the program – salinity was obtained in consideration of self-heating, as well as the estimation difference between the salinity estimations by a salinometer & CTD detector that could be used on further calculation after a critical control.

In the cruise at 90 stations there were analysed in total 1719 samples.

B.5.2 CTD, rosette, salinity, oxygen data on Leg 1 (C. Mattson, SIO/ODF)

This is a continuation of cruise HNRO7. Refer to the HNRO7 Prelim Cruise Report for preexisting conditions.

B.5.2.1 CTD data and rosette

CTD data were recorded on IBM PC's. Digital backups were made on CDROMS and Zip disks. Analog backups were made on VCR cassettes.

CTD instrument numbers:

NBIS Model MKIII ODF CTD#3 sta 116,117

NBIS Model MKIII ODF CTD#5 sta 114,115,118-122

Large rosette:

The large rosette was used for Stations 114-115, 118-122 and consisted of:

NBIS MKIIIB CTD s/n 01-1070 (ODF ctd#5)

Sensormedics Oxygen Sensor s/n 6-02-08

STS 24 bottle rosette frame

24pl Seabird pylon model SBE32 s/n 3212613-0164

SIO made bullister style 10 liter bottles

Benthos Pinger model 2216 s/n 1275

Simrad Altimeter model 807 s/n 0711090

STS Battery Pack for Altimeter

RDI LADCP CS-150KHZ s/n 1546

LADCP Battery Pack

Wetlabs Cstar 25cm transmissometer c/n CST-244DB

Wetlabs Cstar 25cm transmissometer c/n CST-245DB

CTD #5 has dual sensors mounted on twin turrets - two identical Temperature channels and two identical conductivity channels.

CTD sensors soaked in distilled water between all casts.

Swapped sensor pair in config file for onboard CTD and Bottle data reports.

Cond#1 sensor has a pressure effect on deep case and will require a pressure fit correction.

Bottles:

10L Bullister style SIO manufactured.

Bottles serial numbered 1-24 corresponded to the pylon tripping

sequence 1-24 with the first bottle tripped being bottle #1.

Oxygen:

Oxygen data interfaced with the CTD and incorporated into the CTD data stream.

Sensormedics Oxygen Sensor s/n 6-02-08

Transmissometer:

Wetlabs Cstar 25cm (Blue) Transmissometer c/n CST-244DB

Wetlabs Cstar 25cm (RED) Transmissometer c/n CST-245DB

LADCP:

RDI LADCP CS-150KHZ s/n 1546

Small Rosette. The small rosette was used on sta 116, 117 and consisted of:

NBIS MKIIIB CTD s/n 01-1095 (ODF ctd#3)

Sensormedics Oxygen Sensor s/n 90222-01 sta 116

Sensormedics Oxygen Sensor s/n 6-02-07 sta 117

FSI OTM s/n 1322

STS small 24 bottle rosette frame

36pl Seabird pylon model SBE32 s/n 3216715-0187

Seabird Temperature Sensor SBE35 s/n 3516590-0011

24 SIO made bullister style 2.7 liter bottles

Benthos Altimeter model 2110 s/n 156

CTD#3:

New Conductivity sensor s/n P51 was installed at beginning of trip.

Conductivity sensor cleaned prior to sta 117

PRT#1 has what appears to be a long response time of about 1 second or more.

CTD sensors soaked in distilled water betweem all casts.

Bottles:

2.7L Bullister style SIO manufactured.

Bottles serial numbered 1-24 were tripped in sequence.

The pylon was a SBE32 36 place model so certain pylon positions were skipped. This was done automatically by the acquisition program and tripped in the following order:

01 02 04 05 06 08 10 11 13 14

16 17 19 20 22 23 25 26 28 29

31 32 34 35

Oxygen:

Oxygen data interfaced with the CTD and incorporated into the CTD data stream.

Sensormedics Oxygen Sensor s/n 90222-01 sta 116

Sensormedics Oxygen Sensor s/n 6-02-07 sta 117

Thermometers:

No DSRT's

Transmissometer:

No Transmissometer

LADCP:

No LADCP

Winches: The CTD winch had a 9mm single conductor EM cable with approx 4700M of wire.

B.5.2.2 Salinity

Salinometer types Serial numbers

Guidline 8400A Autosal 55-503

Guidline 8400A Autosal 48-263

Standard seawater: Batch P-134

Autosals were configured for computer-aided measurement. The data was acquired on a PC. #48-263 had an intermittent display problem that was repaired after box #116. The serial interface then stopped working. The Autosal operation was then switched to #55-503.

#48-263 stations 114-117 27 deg bath temp

#55-503 stations 118-122 27 deg bath temp

B.5.2.3 Oxygen

Oxygens were run all stations using a Dosimat UV-endpoint detection automatic titration system. There were no major problems. The titrator employed a Brinkman Dosimat 665 automatic burette and an Ultraviolet detection system interfaced with a PC for data acquisition and control.

B.5.3 CTD final calibration comments (M. Johnson, SIO/ODF)

General comments: As of 2 November 2004, these KH36 CTD data (90 stations) are final. Calibrations have been carefully checked, using overlays of deep theta-salinity profiles plus surface salinity and sigma theta plots vs. pressure. The missing data from some of the steeper thermoclines of the first 9 casts have been interpolated; all interpolated/extrapolated data are quality-coded 6. The software problem that omitted this data was fixed prior to the start of the cruise. Oxygen corrections from the preliminary data sent in 1999 have been applied here as a courtesy; all CTD oxygen data are coded 1 (uncalibrated).

The CTD-5 secondary T/C sensors were used as the "better" pair; both sensor pairs had significant noise on their upcasts. The numerous offsets and higher noise level on the T1/C1 downcasts outweighed the down/up "split" seen on the T2/C2 pair: upcasts were offset from 0 to -0.004 PSU vs downcasts below the thermocline on this cruise. The calibrated downcast CTD salinity data were fairly consistent. The bottle salinity data had numerous standardization issues. An attempt was made to weed out the standardization problems, which seemed to be worse during the first 20 casts of the cruise. The remaining salinity data were used to determine final calibrations for the CTD data.

CTD-3, with yet another new conductivity sensor, was used for stations 116 and 117; otherwise, CTD-5 (with dual T/C sensors) was used. The new CTD-3 C sensor had a + drift with time, both down and up casts, but less than the previous new sensor used for only station 113 on HNRO7. An extra S(P**1) correction was applied to the downcast salinity, based on comparison of "final" corrected salinity to the upcast bottle data. Stations 116 and 117 had different corrections applied, because the sensor was "cleaned" between the casts in an attempt to stop the drift. The deep data are consistent with nearby casts.

Detailed calibration comments:

KH36 CTD Configurations:

NBIS MKIIIB CTD: s/n 01-1095 (ODF CTD#3) sta 116,117

Pressure s/n 77011

T1 s/n 15778 (T1 apparently has a long response time of 1+ seconds)

T2 FSI OTM s/n 1322

C1 s/n P62 (new/installed at beginning of cruise; cleaned between 116/117)

C2 N/A

NBIS MKIIIB CTD: s/n 01-1070 (ODF CTD#5) sta 114,115,118-203

Pressure s/n 77017

Dual T/C Sensors mounted on twin turrets:

T1 s/n 15407 (hnro7/sta.92: T1 jumps abt. +0.001 3300m down/back 3000m up)

C1 s/n O16 (Prs. effect on deep casts, requires a C(P) corrxn).

T2 s/n 17534

C2 s/n O24

Dual Wetlabs Cstar 25cm transmissometers - only on CTD-5 casts

(Blue) c/n CST-244DB

(RED) c/n CST-245DB

Sensormedics Oxygen Sensors:

O2 s/n 90222-01 sta 116

O2 s/n 6-02-07 sta 117

O2 s/n 6-02-08 on stas 114,115,118-142 (did not work during 142)

O2 s/n UNKNOWN on stas 143-203

Seabird Temperature Sensor SBE35 s/n 3516590-0011

CTD Sensor Calibrations:

CTD-3:

Pressure Sensor s/n 77011 (Paine):

P Calibs:

May 1999 - 0.09/29.88 deg.C bath to 6080/1191 db

Dec.1999 - 0.04/26.93/30.93 deg.C bath to 6080/1191/1191 db

cold cals: shifted -1.25 db from pre- to post-cruise calibration

warm cals: shifted -1.3+ db from pre- to post-cruise calibration

Correction used: pre-cruise P calib with 0.65 offset

(in effect, averaging the two calibs)

Temperature Sensor s/n 15778 (Rosemount PRT):

T Calibs: May 1999/June 1999/Dec.1999

(June 1999 was only a 2-point cal to re-check Tcal)

large/~0.18 deg.C slope from 0-30 deg.C

cold end fairly similar pre- to post-cruise

warm drops ~0.015 deg.C change? (Hard to tell with steep slope)

Correction used: equally weighted May + Dec. 1999 Tcals

(same #pts at each level, same # of levels) - then averaged

Conductivity Sensor s/n P62 (GO): stations 116+117

Calibrated to bottle salts taken during cruise.

This sensor had a noticeable + Conductivity drift with time

during station 116, but drifted significantly less than

the sensor used on HNRO7 station 113. The sensor was

"cleaned" before station 117, resulting in a much smaller

station 117 drift. Down and up casts needed separate

corrections, and each station needed a different

correction due to the sensor cleaning.

1. A second-order dC(C**2) slope based on bottle-CTD (up cast)

differences from both casts was determined. The same

slope was applied to both stations, to down and up casts.

2. Residual bottle-CTD (down cast) Salinity differences were

visually grabbed from a theta-salinity plot. A first-

order pressure-dependent fit (dS(P)) was generated and

applied separately for down and up casts (sta 116) and

for the down cast only (sta 117). These fits were applied

IN ADDITION TO the dC(C) slope determined in step 1.

3. Station 116 deep bottles seemed to have standardization

issues and could not be trusted. The dS(P) fits for

sta 116 (described in step 2) were redetermined/reapplied

using sta 117 bottle data.

4. Deep Theta-Salinity overlays of stations 114-122 were checked

for consistency. Station 116 was at the southeast corner

of the "box" of stations, and station 117 was the center

of 3 casts along the eastern border of the "box".

CTD-5:

Pressure Sensor s/n 77017 (Paine):

P Calibs:

May 1999 - 0.075/29.695 deg.C bath to 6080/1191 db

Oct.1999 - 0.1/28.85 deg.C bath to 6080/1191 db

cold cal: shifted -0.35/-0.5/-0.6 db top 1000db/mid-range/4000db

from pre- to post-cruise calibration

warm cal: shifted +0.3 top 1000db/mid-range and no change at bottom

Correction used: average pre-/post-cruise cold and warm P calibs

(T2) Temperature Sensor s/n 17534 (Rosemount PRT):

T Calibs: May 1999/Oct.1999

+0.0007 deg.C at 0 deg.C, +0.0002 deg.C at 11 and 30 deg.C

from pre- to post-cruise calibration

Correction used: equally weighted May + Dec. 1999 Tcals

(same #pts at each level, same # of levels) - then averaged

(C2) Conductivity Sensor s/n O24 (GO):

Calibrated to bottle salts taken during cruises (HNRO7+KH36 used

same sensors for this CTD, Cond. corrections determined in tandem)

1. For each cruise, generated first-order dC(C) fits with a (4,2)

std.dev. rejection using Bottle-CTD Cond. differences outside

the high gradient areas (used pressures < 25 db or > 200 db).

This omitted most of the high-gradient bottle-CTD scatter.

Also, numerous KH36 casts were omitted from these fits because

their down-up CTD differences were more than +/-0.0015 mS/cm.

2. An average of the coefficients for HNRO7 and KH36 (from the dC(C) fits done in step 1) was applied to both data sets, then

residual offsets were plotted and checked.

3. Offsets seemed to slowly but steadily increase within each leg.

For each cruise, generated and applied a first-order fit of

the residual Conductivity offsets, using only differences

below 400db with a (4,2) std.dev. rejection. Additionally,

a few large bottle-CTD differences were manually omitted

from these fits.

4. Offsets were then manually adjusted from the smoothed values

based on deep theta-salinity consistency. Numerous Autosal

runs were disregarded because of standardization issues caused

by instrument problems and operator inexperience (frequent

standard dial changes and drifts on many stations, espec. the

first 20 stations of KH36). If the CTD data were consistent

before adjustment, they were generally not shifted apart merely

to match bottle data. Some data were shifted due to down vs.